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As an adult, he expressed conflicting beliefs on the question. Rumors that White racists were responsible for his father's death were widely circulated and were very disturbing to Malcolm X as a child. When Malcolm was six, his father died in what has been officially ruled a streetcar accident, though his mother Louise believed Earl had been murdered by the Black Legion. There, the family was frequently harassed by the Black Legion, a White racist group Earl accused of burning their family home in 1929. īecause of Ku Klux Klan threats, Earl's UNIA activities were said to be 'spreading trouble' and the family relocated in 1926 to Milwaukee, and shortly thereafter to Lansing, Michigan. Malcolm X later said that White violence killed four of his father's brothers. Earl was a local leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and Louise served as secretary and 'branch reporter', sending news of local UNIA activities to Negro World they inculcated self-reliance and black pride in their children. Earl was an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, and he and Louise were admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey. Malcolm X was born May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the fourth of seven children of Grenada-born Louise Helen Little (née Langdon) and Georgia-born Earl Little. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center.Įarly years A 1930 United States Census return listing the Little family (lines 59ff)

have been renamed in his honor, while the Audubon Ballroom, the site of his assassination, was partly redeveloped in 2005 to accommodate the Malcolm X and Dr. Hundreds of streets and schools in the U.S. He was posthumously honored with Malcolm X Day, on which he is commemorated in various cities across the United States. Speculation about the assassination and whether it was conceived or aided by leading or additional members of the Nation, or with law enforcement agencies, has persisted for decades.Ī controversial figure accused of preaching racism and violence, Malcolm X is also a widely celebrated figure within African American and Muslim American communities for his pursuit of racial justice.

Three Nation members were charged with the murder and given indeterminate life sentences in 2021, two of the convictions were vacated. On February 21, 1965, he was assassinated in New York City. Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death threats. (MMI) and the Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). After a brief period of travel across Africa, he publicly renounced the Nation of Islam and founded the Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. He subsequently embraced Sunni Islam and the civil rights movement after completing the Hajj to Mecca and became known as ' el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz,' which roughly translates to 'The Pilgrim Malcolm the Patriarch'. In the 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, as well as with its leader, Elijah Muhammad. From the 1950s onward, Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

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Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation's social welfare achievements, such as its free drug rehabilitation program. and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on nonviolence and racial integration. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating Black empowerment and separation of Black and White Americans, and criticizing Martin Luther King Jr. In prison, he joined the Nation of Islam, adopting the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding 'the White slavemaster name of 'Little'', and after his parole in 1952 quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He committed various crimes, being sentenced to 8 to 10 years in prison in 1946 for larceny and burglary.

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Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. A posthumous autobiography, on which he collaborated with Alex Haley, was published in 1965. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the Black community. Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement.

6, including Attallah, Qubilah, and Ilyasah